This is default featured slide 1 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.This theme is Bloggerized by Lasantha Bandara - Premiumbloggertemplates.com.

This is default featured slide 2 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.This theme is Bloggerized by Lasantha Bandara - Premiumbloggertemplates.com.

This is default featured slide 3 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.This theme is Bloggerized by Lasantha Bandara - Premiumbloggertemplates.com.

This is default featured slide 4 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.This theme is Bloggerized by Lasantha Bandara - Premiumbloggertemplates.com.

This is default featured slide 5 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.This theme is Bloggerized by Lasantha Bandara - Premiumbloggertemplates.com.

Tuesday 27 November 2012

Light-sensitive Alarm


             Light-sensitive Alarm Project

The circuit detects a sudden shadow falling on the light-sensor and sounds the bleeper when this happens.
The circuit will not respond to gradual changes in brightness to avoid false alarms. The bleeper sounds for
only a short time to prevent the battery running flat. Normal lighting can be used, but the circuit will work
best if a beam of light is arranged to fall on the light-sensor. Breaking this beam will then cause the
bleeper to sound. The light sensor is an LDR (light-dependant resistor), this has a low resistance in bright
light and a high resistance in dim light.
• The light-sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the 100k preset.
• The length of bleep can be varied from 0.5 to 10 seconds using the 1M preset.
Using the 7555 low-power timer ensures that the circuit draws very little current (about 0.5mA) except
for the short times when the bleeper is sounding (this uses about 7mA). If the circuit is switched on
continuously an alkaline PP3 9V battery should last about a month, but for longer life (about 6 months)
you can use a pack of 6 AA alkaline batteries.


Parts Required

• resistors: 10k, 47k, 1M ×3 •  7555 low-power timer IC
• presets: 100k, 1M •  8-pin DIL socket for IC
• capacitors: 0.01µF, 0.1µF, 10µF 25V radial •  bleeper 9-12V
• transistor: BC108 (or equivalent) •  on/off switch
• LDR (light-dependant resistor) type ORP12 •  battery clip for 9V PP3

Stripboard Layout



Circuit diagram




Dummy Alarm Project


                    Dummy Alarm Project



Parts Required

  • resistors: 1k, 10k, 680k
  • capacitor: 10µF radial
  • LED: red super bright, 5mm diameter
  • 7555 low power timer IC
  • 8-pin DIL socket for IC
  • battery clip
  • 4.5V battery box for 3 AA cells
  • strip board: 8 rows × 16 holes





This Dummy Alarm project makes an LED flash briefly once every 5 seconds to imitate the indicator light of a real alarm. The circuit is designed to use very little current to prolong battery life so that it can be left on permanently. An on/off switch is not included, but could be added if you wish.

The 7555 timer IC used is a low power version of the standard 555 timer. A 'superbright' red LED is used because this provides a bright flash with a low current. The LED is off for most of the time so the average total current for the circuit is less than 0.2mA. With this very low current a set of 3 alkaline AA cells should last for several months, maybe as long as a year.

The circuit will work with a standard 555 timer IC (such as the popular NE555) but this will increase the average current to about 2mA and the battery life will be much shorter. You can use a greater supply voltage (15V maximum) for this circuit but the 1k resistor for the LED should be increased to keep the LED current low at about 3mA. For example to use a 9V PP3 battery change the 1k resistor to 3k3. Note that AA cells will last longer than a 9V PP3 battery.

This project uses a 555 a stable circuit.

Lie detector (Portable)


                  A Portable lie-detector



This is a portable lie-detector built in a tin box . maybe you could have some fun using this thing.

Note : this detector is less sensitive then a real one. this could be miss some (many) of the lies.

Things you'll need.

You will need some things below for this project.

1. circuit board
2. 10K resister
3. 47K resister
4. 470 resister
5. 1M resister x2
6. 47K VR
7. knob for VR
8. 2N3904 transistor x3
9. 0.1 ? mylar cap
10. slide switch.
11. 9V bettery snap
12. LED (one red, one green)
13. solding tools.
14. drill
15. basic tools,
16. velcro (magic strip)
17. aluminum foil
....and most of all, a tin box 

Make a finger pad
make a finger pads by sticking a aluminum foil to the velcro (strip)
And don' forget to stick a wire between the velcro and the foil!

Soldering the circuit

Solder the circuit as a diagram below. And before soldering the circuit, cut the circuit board to

suitable size to fit in the tin

Drilling the Tin case

Drill the tin for a VR.

and DO NOT use a sharp-end drill bit. it will tear the tin into half

Put the floor sheet

Put the floor sheet in a floor of the tin to avoid it from 'short circuiting'.

and secure it with a glue.

in my case, I used a piece of box, and secure with a hot melt

Put everything in order

Put everything in the tin and secure all of them with a glue, hot melt, etc 

Done

Now your lie detector is ready to go. first, put the finger pad to the finger of the 'suspect'
then, slowly, turn the VR until the 'true' LED is light, and the 'false' LED is dark.
then, ask a question to the suspect , when the false LED gets lighted, the suspect is lying
THANKS A LOT :)

Sunday 25 November 2012

Human detecting ROBOT for Earth quake rescue

             Human detecting Robot, PROJECT



Human detecting ROBOT for Earth quake rescue operation

Details description


1.1          INTRODUCTION

The advent of new high-speed technology and the growing computer capacity provided realistic opportunity for new robot controls and realization of new methods of control theory.
 This technical improvement together with the need for high performance robots created faster, more accurate and more intelligent robots using new robots control devices,
 new drives and advanced control algorithms.
This Project deals with live personal detection, robot is based on 8 bit Microcontroller. This Robot follows which is drawn over the surface.
 Here we are using PIR sensor for detecting the human. The project is mainly used in the DEBRIS for Earth quake rescue.
Internally it consists of IR sensors. The infrared sensors are used to sense the live persons. All the above systems are controlled by the Microcontroller.
In our project we are using the popular 8 bit microcontroller.
The Microcontroller is used to control the motors. It gets the signals from the PIR sensors and it drives the motors according to the sensor inputs.
 Two DC Gare motors are used to drive the robot.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. POWER SUPPLY
2. MICRO CONTRODLLER (AT89S52)
3. DC GARE MOTOR
4. RELAYS
5.PIR SENSOR


SIMULATION
TOOL: KEIL MICROVISION
LANGUAGE: EMBEDDED “C “LANGUAGE
1.2BLOCK DIAGRAM :
1.3 Flow chart and Algorithm

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize micro controller
Step 3: Initialize motors
Step 4: Initialize PIR sensor
Step 5: Monitor PIR sensor
Step 6: If person detected
Buzzer on
motor rotates in specified direction
Step 7: Monitor PIR sensor
Step 8: Stop

CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1 AT89S52
2.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF 8051
In 1981, Intel corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051. this microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of chip ROM,
 two timers, one serial port, and four ports all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred as “ A SYSTEM ON A CHIP”
The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8 bits data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pieces to be processed by the CPU.
 The 8051 has a total of four I\O ports each 8 bit wide.
There are many versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of on-chip ROM and they are all compatible with the original 8051.
 this means that if you write a program for one it will run on any of them.
The 8051 is an original member of the 8051 family. There are two other
members in the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are 8052 and 8031. All the three
microcontrollers will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in the following
aspects.
• 8031 has 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.
• 8051 has 4K ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.
• 8052 has 8K ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, three timers and 8 interrupts.
Of the three microcontrollers, 8051 is the most preferable. Microcontroller supports both serial and parallel communication.
In the concerned project 8052 microcontroller is used. Here microcontroller used is AT89S52, which is manufactured by ATMEL laboratories.


NECESSITY OF MICROCONTROLLERS:


Microprocessors brought the concept of programmable devices and made many applications of intelligent equipment.
 Most applications, which do not need large amount of data and program memory, tended to be costly.
The microprocessor system had to satisfy the data and program requirements so, sufficient RAM and ROM are used to satisfy most applications
.The peripheral control equipment also had to be satisfied. Therefore, almost all-peripheral chips were used in the design.
 Because of these additional peripherals cost will be comparatively high.
An example:
8085 chip needs:
An Address latch for separating address from multiplex address and data.32-KB RAM and 32-KB ROM to be able to satisfy most applications.
As also Timer / Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial port, and Interrupt controller are needed for its efficient applications.
In comparison a typical Micro controller 8051 chip has all that the 8051 board has except a reduced memory as follows.
4K bytes of ROM as compared to 32-KB, 128 Bytes of RAM as compared to 32-KB.
Bulky:
On comparing a board full of chips (Microprocessors) with one chip with all components in it (Microcontroller).

Debugging:

Lots of Microprocessor circuitry and program to debug. In Micro controller there is no Microprocessor circuitry to debug.
Slower Development time: As we have observed Microprocessors need a lot of debugging at board level and at program level, where as, Micro controller do not have
 the excessive circuitry and the built-in peripheral chips are easier to program for operation.
So peripheral devices like Timer/Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial Communication Port, Interrupt controller and so on,
 which were most often used were integrated with the Microprocessor to present the Micro controller .RAM and ROM also were integrated in the same chip.
 The ROM size was anything from 256 bytes to 32Kb or more. RAM was optimized to minimum of 64 bytes to 256 bytes or more.

Microprocessor has following instructions to perform:

1. Reading instructions or data from program memory ROM.
2. Interpreting the instruction and executing it.
3. Microprocessor Program is a collection of instructions stored in a Nonvolatile memory.
4. Read Data from I/O device
5. Process the input read, as per the instructions read in program memory.
6. Read or write data to Data memory.
7. Write data to I/O device and output the result of processing to O/P device.


2.1.2 Introduction to AT89S52


The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors.
 Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of internal features.
 They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller.
 Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place.
Coming to the question of why to use 89S52 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because
it has 8kB Flash and 256 bytes of data RAM32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a Eight-vector two-level interrupt architecture,
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
 The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
 The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in Serial In-System Programming (ISP).
 The 89S52 is also In-Application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and
cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.



2.1.3    FEATURES

Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
-Power-off Flag
(Via a blog... If there are any mistakes, admin would not be responsible for that.)

Saturday 24 November 2012

Selection Sort Code for C++


                                Selection     Sort       



   

                  c++      code for selection sort


// selection sort.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <conio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>

using namespace std ;


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
       int fin [11]={6,3,7,1,69,0,23,11,45,5,71 },a,c,m ; // defining array and variables
       {
       for (a=0;a<10;a++) // using for loop
       { c= fin[a];
       int d=a;
       for (m=a;m<=10;m++) // nested for loop
       { if (c>fin[m]) // if condition
       {c=fin[m];d=m;}
       }
       int r=fin[d];
       fin[d]=fin[a];
       fin[a]=r;
       }
       cout<<"SORTED ARRAY IN ASCENDING ORDER"<<endl;
       for(int w=0;w<11;w++) // loop for sorted array output
              cout<<fin[w]<<endl;
}
       getch();
       return 0;
      
      

}

Electronic Project Circuit Pictures