tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83326963458759825702024-03-12T22:10:16.462-07:00Electrical and Electronics Projects Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04684763531707225866noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-88752152260684371882013-06-09T04:24:00.001-07:002013-06-09T04:24:16.168-07:00SPEED CONTROLLER FOR AC MOTORS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKBw2um04Z1NtFuLvQnv1JQjoYha0g0u2i0ne5ya4GwlYhBIALO2L4yj6XXQ2VMdTZE7yNUWeyc_jkqwe7fjjFSGjnhFo43QxGcp6xxB7pF21NUaIp74XXiDS3Z3ohYTWTd4XqHk6ytk/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKBw2um04Z1NtFuLvQnv1JQjoYha0g0u2i0ne5ya4GwlYhBIALO2L4yj6XXQ2VMdTZE7yNUWeyc_jkqwe7fjjFSGjnhFo43QxGcp6xxB7pF21NUaIp74XXiDS3Z3ohYTWTd4XqHk6ytk/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">THIS circuit is used to control brightness of mains lights and the speed of AC motors. It</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">uses a triac, diac and has a radio-frequency interference</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">(RFI) noise suppression circuit built into it as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">Caution: this Kit connects directly to mains power supply.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">You must know what you are doing as mains voltages can</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">be lethal. The board must be put in a suitable enclosed box</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">before using.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">The kit is constructed on a single-sided printed circuit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">board (PCB). Protel Autotrax and Schematic were used to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">design the board.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;"><b>ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">It is generally best to add the lowest height components to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">the board first; the resistors. Make sure to get the triac in</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">the correct way - the metal back of the triac goes in</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">above the bar marked on the overlay. The diac looks like</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">a glass diode but it has a mark around the centre, not at</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">one end. The choke (wire wound ferrite coil) can be</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">soldered in either way around.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">This is a standard text-book circuit. A triac may be</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">considered as two SCR's (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">connected in opposite directions. A diac is a gate trigger</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">device. Triacs, diacs & SCR's are different types of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">Thyristors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">A triac is a 3 terminal ac semiconductor switch which is</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">triggered ON when a low energy signal is applied to its</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">Gate. Switching is fast. The low energy of switching</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">means that a wide range of low cost control circuits can</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">be used, for example, optically coupled switches. Since</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">the triac is bilateral (2 SCR's connected in opposite</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">directions) the terms anode and cathode have no meaning.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">So the terms Main Terminal 1 and 2 (MT1, MT2) are</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">used. It is standard to use MT1 as a reference</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">point.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">The circuit here controls the average power to a load</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">through the triac by phase control. The ac supply is</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">applied to the load for only a controlled fraction of each</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">cycle. The triac is held in an OFF condition for a portion</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">of its cycle then is triggered ON at a time determined by</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">the circuit. The main problem with this circuit is radio</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">frequency interference (RFI.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">RFI. Each time the triac is turned on the load current</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">changes very quickly - a few micro seconds - from zero to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">a value determined by the lamp resistance and the value</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">of the mains voltage at that instant in time. This transition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">generates RFI. It is greatest when the triac is triggered at</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">90o and least when it is triggered at close to zero or 180o</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">of the mains AC waveform.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">Since there may be long lengths of mains wire between</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">the triac and the lamp load which will radiate this RFI an</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">L-C RFI suppression network is usually built into these</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">types of circuits. You may detect this RFI by bringing an</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">FM radio close to the dimmer circuit. Short out the choke</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">coil and notice that the RFI increases. The wire-wound</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">coil and C1 provide the RFI suppression network.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;"><b>WHAT TO DO IF IT DOES NOT WORK</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">Poor soldering is the most likely reason that the circuit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">does not work. Check all solder joints carefully under a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">good light. Next check that all components are in their</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;">correct position on the PCB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><b>WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> In this circuit, the traic uses the property of phase
control and thus controls the average </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">power supplied to a load. The ac power is supplied to
the load for only a controlled time <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">frame of each AC cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Triac is
actually a three terminal device, which is triggered on when a positive or
negative <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">current passes through its gate terminal. The triac
remains in an OFF condition for a portion <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">of AC cycle
then is turned ON (triggered on by diac) for a time period determined by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">the circuit. The triac turns on when the diac starts
conduction. The diac is turned on when the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">voltage reaches the break over voltage i.e. V<sub>BO. </sub>Diode
then starts conduction and allows <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">current toward the gate of triac. When the voltage
changes to below V<sub>BO </sub>the diac is off, so it <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">turns off the triac too. Diac mostly operates at low
voltages, its V<sub>BO </sub>is usually around 30 V.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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There is also a problem with this circuit, which is Radio Frequency <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Interference or RFI. This RFI generates in a way that
when the triac is turned on, each time <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">in a cycle, the current to the load changes very
quickly i.e. in a few microseconds it goes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">from zero to a certain value determined by the
resistance of load and the mains line voltage at <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">that time. This sudden change causes RFI to generate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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This interference is highest when the traic triggers at 90<sup>o </sup>of the
AC wave, and is lowest when <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">it triggers at 0<sup>o</sup> or 180<sup>o</sup> of the
AC wave cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This RFI factor can
be neglected if there are long lengths of wires between triac and the load</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-43749590050404004102013-03-16T09:35:00.000-07:002013-04-21T03:50:08.805-07:00MATLAB PROJECT , DIGITAL FUEL STATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #8db8d7; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Matlab Project <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8db8d7; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8db8d7; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Digital Fuel Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8db8d7; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by students of HITEC University<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DESCRIPTION :</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">THIS PROJECT DESCRIBES WORKING OF A DIGITAL FUEL
STATION , CONTAINING 3 TYPES OF FUELS (DIESEL, GASOLINE , C-N-G).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">FIRST OF ALL THE SELLER
FEEDS INTO THE SYSTEM, THE AMOUNT OF FUELS AND CURRENT PRICES OF THE FUELS. THE
SELLER USES HIS OWN PASSWORD TO DO THIS</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">AFTER THAT IT TELLS
SYSTEMATICALLY TO EVERY CUSTOMER, THAT HOW TO CHOOSE FUEL AND AMOUNT REQUIRED
BY THEM . THE CUSTOMER CAN CHOOSE FUEL AND AFTER FILLING IT SHOWS TOTAL COST.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">AT THE END OF SALE IT
GIVES US DIFFERENT GRAPHS OF FUEL SALE COMPARISON, PROFIT COMPARISON ,
COMPARISON OF FUELS LEFT , QUANTITY OF FUELS SOLD , AMOUNT EARNED COMPARISON .
ALL OF THEM ARE DISPLAYED BY THE SYSTEM IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS , AS WELL
AS DIGITALLY. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">THANKS AND BEST OF LUCK
:) </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">clear
all</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background: white;">clc</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">a1=input('Total Weight Of CNG in
compressor = '); % TOTAL C-N-G IN COMPRESSOR</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">a2=input('Total liters Of petrol in storage tank
= ');% TOTAL PETROL STORED IN TANK</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">a3=input('Total liters of Diesel in storage tank
= ');% TOTAL DIESEL STORED IN TANK</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">b1=input('Purchase price of CNG='); % price for
which fuel is purchased</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">b2=input('Purchase price of Petrol=');% price
for which fuel is purchased</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">b3=input('purchase price of Diesel=');% price
for which fuel is purchased</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w=0; % varibles saved for assigning values
from line # 12 upto line # 63</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q4=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q5=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q6=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q7=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q8=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q9=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">u=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c3=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c4=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c5=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d3=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">l=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">s=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">y=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x1=a1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x2=a2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x3=a3;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">e1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">e2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">e3=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">e=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">f=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">f1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">f2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">y=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">y1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">y2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">l=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">l1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">l2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">r=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">r1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">r2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">s=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">s1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">s2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">p=input('Please enter Password to change prices
= '); % PASSWORD FOR STARTING FUEL STATION EVERY DAY</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">if p==123;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> disp('.........initializing
syndrome..."PHANTOM PROTOCOL"')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">a=input('Fixed price of CNG='); % price fixed by
station for selling C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d=input('Fixed price of Petrol=');% price fixed
by station for selling PETROL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">i=input('Fixed price of Diesel=');% price fixed
by station for selling DIESEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">while 1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">o=input('Enter 1 for CNG , 2 for Petrol & 3
for Diesel='); % ENTER OPTIONS FOR DESIRED FUEL INPUT</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">if o==999;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">if o==1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> while 1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if
x1>=0&&x1<1||c>x1||r>x1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
b=input('Options enter 1 for PRICE & 2 for WEIGHT ='); % select
option whether to input the weight or input the price</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if isempty(b)</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if
b==1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e=input('paid amount in PKR =');% AMOUNT PAID BY CUSTOMER TO PURCHASE C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c=e/a;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c>a1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('CNG not available')% CAPACITY IN COMPRESSOR IS LESSER THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c>x1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('CNG not available')% CAPACITY IN COMPRESSOR IS LESSER THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['sold weight of C-N-G in KG= ',num2str(c)]) % C-N-G sold by
station </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
a=a+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of C-N-G/kg=',num2str(a)])% fixed price of C-N-G is displayed with
each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
y1=y1+1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> else</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if b==2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r=input('Required weight of CNG in Kg =');% C-N-G required by customer in
Kilograms</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r>a1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('CNG not available')% CAPACITY IN COMPRESSOR IS LESSER THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r>x1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('CNG not available')% CAPACITY IN COMPRESSOR IS LESSER THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f=r.*a;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp([' Price of CNG in RS=',num2str(f)])% Amount to be paid by customer for
purchasing C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
a=a+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of CNG/kg=',num2str(a)])% fixed price of C-N-G is displayed with
each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
y2=y2+1; </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
else</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('program not installed')% DISPLAY FOR WRONG INPUT</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q7=e+f;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
w=w+q7;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> q4=c+r;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> q=q+q4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> x1=a1-q;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if x1>=0&&x1<1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> y=y1+y2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> disp(['Total Numbers of CNG
customers= ',num2str(y)])% TOTAL CUSTOMERS CALCULATED FOR C-N-G FUEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">if o==2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> while
1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if x2>=0&&x2<1||c1>x2||r1>x2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
else</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
b=input('Options enter 1 for PRICE & 2 for Liter ='); % select option
whether to input in liters or input for price</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if isempty(b)</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if b==1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e1=input('Paid amount in PKR =');% AMOUNT PAID BY CUSTOMER TO PURCHASE PETROL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c1=e1/d;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c1>a2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Petrol not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c1>x2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Petrol not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER
THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Sold petrol in liters=',num2str(c1)])% AMOUNT OF PETROL SOLD IN liters</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
d=d+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of Petrol/liter=',num2str(d)])% fixed price of PETROL is displayed
with each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
l1=l1+1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if b==2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r1=input('Required liters of Petrol=');% REQUIRED liters OF PETROL BY CUSTOMER</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r1>a2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Petrol not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER THAN
DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r1>x2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Petrol is not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER THAN
DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r1=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f1=r1.*d;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of Petrol in RS=' ,num2str(f1)])% Amount to be paid by customer
for purchasing PETROL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
d=d+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of Petrol/Liter=' ,num2str(d)])% fixed price of PETROL is
displayed with each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
l2=l2+1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q8=e1+f1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> w1=w1+q8;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q5=c1+r1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q1=q1+q5;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
l=l1+l2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Total Numbers of Petrol Customers= ', num2str(l)])% TOTAL CUSTOMERS
CALCULATED FOR FUEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
x2=a2-q1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if
x2>=0&&x2<1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">if o==3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> while
1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if x3>=0&&x3<1||c2>x3||r2>x3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
b=input('Options enter 1 for PRICE & 2 for liters ='); % select
option whether to input in liters or input for price</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if isempty(b)</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if b==1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e2=input('Paid amount in PKR = ');% AMOUNT PAID BY CUSTOMER TO PURCHASE DIESEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c2=e2/i;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c2>a3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Diesel not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER
THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if c2>x3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Diesel not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER
THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Sold diesel in liter = ',num2str(c2)])</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
i=i+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of diesel/Liter = ',num2str(a)])% fixed price of DIESEL is
displayed with each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
s1=s1+1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if b==2</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
e2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
c2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r2=input('Required Liter of diesel = ');% REQUIRED liters OF DIESEL BY CUSTOMER</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r2>a3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Diesel not available')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER
THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
if r2>x3</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp('Diesel not availble')% CAPACITY IN STORAGE TANK IS LESSER
THAN DEMAND</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
r2=0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
f2=r2.*i;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of diesel in PKR = ' ,num2str(f2)])% AMOUNT OF DIESEL SOLD IN
liters</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
i=i+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
disp(['Price of diesel/Liter = ' ,num2str(i)])% fixed price of DIESEL is
displayed with each purchase</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
s2=s2+1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q9=e2+f2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
w2=w2+q9;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q6=c2+r2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
q2=q2+q6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
x3=a3-q2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> if
x3>=0&&x3<1</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">
break</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">s=s1+s2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Numbers of Diesel Customers= ',
num2str(s)])% TOTAL CUSTOMERS OF DIESEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">else</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> disp(' WARNING.....suspected
Insurgency......"SYSTEM SHUT DOWN"')% IN CASE OF ENTERING WRONG
PASSWORD</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">end</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w=w+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Amount of CNG sale in PKR =
',num2str(w)])%Amount of CNG sale in PKR</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w1=w1+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Amount of Petrol sale in PKR =
',num2str(w1)])%Amount of Petrol sale in PKR </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">w2=w2+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Amount of Diesel sale in PKR =
',num2str(w2)])%Amount of Diesel sale in PKR</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q=q+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Weight of CNG sold =
',num2str(q)])%Total Weight of CNG sold</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q1=q1+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total liters of Petrol sold =
',num2str(q1)]) %Total liters of Petrol sold</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">q2=q2+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total liters of Diesel sold =
',num2str(q2)])%Total liters of Diesel sold</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x1=x1+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['CNG left in kg= ',num2str(x1)])%C-N-G
left in kg</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x2=x2+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Petrol left in liters=
',num2str(x2)])%Petrol left in liters</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">x3=x3+0;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Diesel left in liters= ',num2str(x3)])%Diesel
left in liters</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">u=l+s+y;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Total Customers of HD Pump ',
num2str(u)])%Total Customers of Station</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c3=q.*b1;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d1=w-c3;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp([' Profit earned On CNG=
',num2str(d1)])%Profit earned On C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c4=q1.*b2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d2=w1-c4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Profit earned On Petrol= ',num2str(d2)])%Profit
earned On Petrol</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c5=q2.*b3;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d3=w2-c5;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">disp(['Profit earned On Diesel=
',num2str(d3)])%Profit earned On Diesel</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">figure(1);</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold on</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">title('Profits earned on C-N-G vs PETROL vs
DIESEL')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">xlabel('Profit earned on C-N-G (green), Petrol (red)
, Diesel (black) ');</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">ylabel(' Profit earned on each FUEL ')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">tango=2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(tango,d1,'green');%GRAPH OF PROFIT EARNED ON
C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">tango2=4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(tango2,d2,'red');%GRAPH OF PROFIT EARNED ON
PETROL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">tango3=6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(tango3,d3,'black');%GRAPH OF PROFIT EARNED
ON DIESEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold off</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">figure(2);</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold on</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">title('COMPARISON OF EACH FUEL LEFT IN STATION')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">xlabel('C-N-G left (blue), Petrol left (black) ,
Diesel left (yellow) ');</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">ylabel(' FUEL left in storage tanks ')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">charlie=2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(charlie,x1,'blue');%GRAPH OF LEFT WEIGHT OF
C-N-G</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">charlie2=4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(charlie2,x2,'black');%GRAPH OF LEFT liters
OF PETROL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">charlie3=6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(charlie3,x3,'yellow');%GRAPH OF LEFT liters
OF DIESEL</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold off</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">figure(3);</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold on</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">title('COMPARISON OF AMOUNTS OF FUELS SOLD')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">xlabel('C-N-G amount (black), Petrol amount
(cyan) , Diesel amount (green) ');</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">ylabel(' Amount of fuels sale in PKR ')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">delta=2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(delta,w,'black');%GRAPH OF TOTAL AMOUNT OF
C-N-G SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">delta2=4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(delta2,w1,'cyan');%GRAPH OF TOTAL AMOUNT OF
PETROL SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">delta3=6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(delta3,w2,'green');%GRAPH OF TOTAL AMOUNT OF
DIESEL SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold off</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">figure(4);</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold on</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">title('COMPARISON OF QUANTITIES OF FUELS SOLD')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">xlabel('C-N-G in kg , Petrol in liters ,
Diesel in liters ');</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">ylabel(' FUEL sale in liters ')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">alpha=2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(alpha,q,'blue');%GRAPH OF WEIGHT OF C-N-G
SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">alpha2=4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(alpha2,q1,'blue');%GRAPH OF liters OF PETROL
SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">alpha3=6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(alpha3,q2,'blue');%GRAPH OF liters OF DIESEL
SALE</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold off</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">figure(5);</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold on</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">title('COMPARISON OF CUSTOMERS OF EACH FUEL')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">xlabel('C-N-G customers (black) , Petrol
customers (red) , Diesel customers (green) ');</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">ylabel(' COMPARISON OF CUSTOMERS ')</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bravo=2;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(bravo,l,'black');%GRAPH OF TOTAL C-N-G
CUSTOMERS</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bravo2=4;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(bravo2,s,'red');%GRAPH OF TOTAL PETROL
CUSTOMERS</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">axis auto</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bravo3=6;</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">bar(bravo3,y,'green');%GRAPH OF TOTAL DIESEL
CUSTOMERS</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">axis
auto</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background: white;">hold off</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITH
THE PUBLISHER)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> THIS PROJECT IS FOR SEMESTER 1 . YOU CAN ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT ANY DIFFICULTY OR PROBLEM YOU ARE
FACING. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ANY SUGGESTION AND
COMMENTS WOULD BE WELCOMED :)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GROUP MEMBERS :</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MALIK HAMMAD UD DIN , MUHAMMAD DANIYAL , SYED ADNAN SHAH</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA CANTT .</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-71279348644358927272013-03-14T11:41:00.004-07:002013-03-14T11:41:56.714-07:00SIMPLE DIGITAL CLOCK <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">SIMPLE DIGITAL CLOCK </span><span style="font-size: large;">using </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 8051 micro-controller AT-89-C-51</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A digital clock is one that displays time digitally. The circuit explained here displays time with two ‘minutes’ digits and two ‘seconds’ digits on four </span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 10px !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: none !important;">seven segment</span></u></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> displays. The seven segment and switches are interfaced with 8051 micro controller </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">AT89C51</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. This circuit can be used in cars, houses, offices etc.</span></span></div>
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<br style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3293606087636455000#allposts" style="color: #519ad6; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;">DESCRIBTION:</span></b></a></span><br style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">As soon as the V<sub>cc</sub> supply is provided to this circuit, the clock starts from 00:00. The time is displayed on four </span></span><span style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">seven segments</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (in common anode configuration) by using the concept of </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>multiplexing</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. This is achieved by using </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">timer</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> interrupt (Timer0) of </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">AT89C51 </span></span><br style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;" /><div style="color: #575757; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">which is configured to refresh seven segments. The segments are refreshed many times in a second for simultaneous display. The clock runs with a delay of exactly one second. Timer1 has been used to produce a time delay of one second. The data pins (a–h) of all the segments are interconnected and receive signal from port P<sub>2</sub> of the micro controller. The control or enable pins (common anode) are connected to pins 1-4 of port P<sub>1</sub> (P<sub>1</sub>^0 – P<sub>1</sub>^3).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The number on 4<sup>th</sup> segment (displaying the unit digit of second) is incremented once in a second as it goes from 0 to 9. The number on 3<sup>rd</sup> segment is incremented after every 10 seconds from 0 to 5. Thus seconds are displayed varying from 00 to 59. The digit on the 2<sup>nd</sup> segment changes after every 60 seconds (a minute) from 0 to 9 and so on. Thus the clock runs for an hour and after that it resets to zero again</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3293606087636455000#allposts" style="color: #519ad6; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;">CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b></span><img alt="" height="400" 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" 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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3293606087636455000#allposts" style="color: #519ad6; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;">CODE:</span></b></a></span><code> </code><br /><br /><br /><code>// Program to demonstrate the principle of digital clock. this digital clock displays two minute digits and two second digits<br /><br />#include<reg51.h><br />sbit dig_ctrl_4=P1^0; //Declaring control pins of the seven segments<br />sbit dig_ctrl_3=P1^1;<br />sbit dig_ctrl_2=P1^2;<br />sbit dig_ctrl_1=P1^3;<br />unsigned <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static;">char</span> dig_disp=0;<br />int min2;<br />int min1;<br />int sec2;<br />int sec1;<br />char digi_val[10]={0x40,0xF9,0x24,0x30,0x19,0x12,0x02,0xF8,0x00,0x10};<br /><br />void delay() //Function to provide a time delay of <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static;">approx</span>. 1 second. using Timer 1.<br />{<br /> int i;<br /> for(i=0;i<20;i++)<br /> {<br /> TL1=0xFD;<br /> TH1=0x4B;<br /> TR1=1;<br /> while(TF1==0);<br /> TR1=0;<br /> TF1=0;<br /> }<br />}<br /><br />void display() interrupt 1 //Function to display the number using seven segmnet multiplexing. For <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: rgb(221, 60, 66) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static;">more details</span> refer seven segment multiplexing.<br />{<br /> TL0=0x36; //Reloading Timer0<br /> TH0=0xf6;<br /> P2=0xFF;<br /> dig_ctrl_1 = dig_ctrl_3 = dig_ctrl_2 = dig_ctrl_4 = 0;<br /> dig_disp++;<br /> dig_disp=dig_disp%4;<br /> switch(dig_disp)<br /> {<br /> case 0:<br /> P2=digi_val[sec1];<br /> dig_ctrl_1 = 1;<br /> break;<br /> <br /> case 1:<br /> P2= digi_val[sec2];<br /> dig_ctrl_2 = 1;<br /> break;<br /> <br /> case 2:<br /> P2= digi_val[min1];<br /> dig_ctrl_3 = 1;<br /> break;<br /> <br /> case 3:<br /> P2= digi_val[min2];<br /> dig_ctrl_4 = 1;<br /> break;<br /> }<br />}<br /><br />void main()<br />{<br /> TMOD=0x11; //Intialize Timer 0<br /> TL0=0x36;<br /> TH0=0xF6;<br /> IE=0x82; // Enable Timer 0 interrupt<br /> TR0=1; //Start Timer 0<br /> while(1) //Start clock<br /> {<br /> min2=min1=sec2=sec1=0;<br /> for(min2=0;min2<6;min2++)<br /> {<br /> for(min1=0;min1<10;min1++)<br /> {<br /> for(sec2=0;sec2<6;sec2++)<br /> {<br /> for(sec1=0;sec1<10;sec1++)<br /> {<br /> delay();<br /> }<br /> }<br /> }<br /> }<br /> }<br />} </code><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b><u><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> components:</span></b></u></span><br />Transistor BC547<span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b></u></span><br />AT89C51 Microcontroller<span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b></u></span><br />Seven Segment Display<span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Algerian;"> </span></b></u></span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-86537296836715113792013-03-14T11:37:00.002-07:002013-03-14T11:37:18.478-07:00Metal Detector DIY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Metal Detector D.I.Y schematic diagram</h2>
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The heart of this DIY metal detector circuit is CS209A. The metal detector is build with one 100µH coil. CS209A has one oscillator which forms a LC circuit, the inductance of the coil will change when it is near metal objects.<br /><span id="more-7"></span></div>
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LED 1 will light and the buzzer turns on when the coil is changing inductance. The setup is easy, VR1 is adjusted (away from any metal objects) so that LED 1 will light and the buzzer sounds on, and then VR1 will be trimmed until led and buzzer are off.</div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-12815239281127344402013-03-14T11:31:00.000-07:002013-03-14T11:31:00.586-07:00METAL DETECTOR Circuit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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METAL DETECTOR Circuit</h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">This circuit detects metal and also magnets. When a magnet is brought close to the 10mH choke, the output frequency changes. </span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-89072271902496676812013-03-02T12:40:00.000-08:002013-03-02T12:40:55.967-08:00Rain Alarm<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Rain Alarm</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> GIVES BEEP WHEN WATER IS IN CONTACT
WITH THE WIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Water
is a conductor of electricity. When water is in contact with the probe then
there is a flow of current which reaches to the base of Q1. Transistor Q1 is a
NPN transistor which conducts. With the conduction of Q1 electron reaches to Q2
which is a PNP transistor .Q2 also conducts and current flows through the
speaker. In a speaker there is inductive coil which causes motion in one
direction and also produce induce current which is in opposite direction to the
flow of current this induce current in the form of pulse flows through a
capacitor, resistance and switches off Q1 and relax .this process repeats again
and again till probe is in contact with water or we can say there is a
oscillation in the circuit thus speaker diaphragm vibrates and gives a tone.
Frequency of the circuit depends on the value of Speaker Coil impendence,
Capacitor and Resistance Value.</span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-87012117029478597612013-03-02T12:28:00.003-08:002013-03-02T12:30:54.256-08:00Traffic Light Project<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"> Traffic Light Project</span></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xw26PF-rm2C9Xs0hSOSGHXcYvj875iWdIsvHqfgyFJe0OI2041z8HIRZB7kNEWu8eW2MQfxM5vY7madebi9UjmsiwcVycKN0md6ul9lhsf2rcrOVOEo5fHXvx62ur4D6rw9NJGrl7oY/s1600/trafficlight.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xw26PF-rm2C9Xs0hSOSGHXcYvj875iWdIsvHqfgyFJe0OI2041z8HIRZB7kNEWu8eW2MQfxM5vY7madebi9UjmsiwcVycKN0md6ul9lhsf2rcrOVOEo5fHXvx62ur4D6rw9NJGrl7oY/s1600/trafficlight.gif" /></a></div>
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This project operates red, amber and green LEDs in the correct sequence for a single UK traffic light. The time taken for the complete red - red & amber - green - amber sequence can be varied from about 7s to about 2½ minutes by adjusting the 1M preset. Some amber LEDs emit light that is almost red so you may prefer to use a yellow LED.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlwlox763eTBeSUuauXMyvnPMP7HwRZ1AzwvxG88QPyVFSRfhrfgFc1RlPr4M1wY1lTUvlSrVsEmviEvHrdxMlPY8TRSJ864gmkJV3h62GPJZ2uWrrYwJkiv8HhfKCUn3LB_2uJJQeYc/s1600/trafficlseq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlwlox763eTBeSUuauXMyvnPMP7HwRZ1AzwvxG88QPyVFSRfhrfgFc1RlPr4M1wY1lTUvlSrVsEmviEvHrdxMlPY8TRSJ864gmkJV3h62GPJZ2uWrrYwJkiv8HhfKCUn3LB_2uJJQeYc/s1600/trafficlseq.gif" /></a></div>
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The 555 astable circuit provides clock pulses for the 4017 counter which has ten outputs (Q0 to Q9). Each output becomes high in turn as the clock pulses are received. Appropriate outputs are combined with diodes to supply the amber and green LEDs. The red LED is connected to the ÷10 output which is high for the first 5 counts (Q0-Q4 high), this saves using 5 diodes for red and simplifies the circuit.</div>
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Parts Required</h3>
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<li>resistors: 470 ×3, 22k, 100k</li>
<li>capacitors: 0.1µF, 1µF 16V radial, 10µF 16V radial</li>
<li>diodes: 1N4148 ×6</li>
<li>LEDs: red, amber (or yellow), green</li>
<li>1M preset, horizontal</li>
<li>555 timer IC, such as NE555</li>
<li>4017 counter IC</li>
<li>DIL sockets for ICs: 8-pin, 16-pin</li>
<li>on/off switch</li>
<li>battery clip for 9V PP3</li>
<li>stripboard: 20 rows × 21 holes</li>
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PCB LAY OUT :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_03Vsa0iI3mxILTVjxYD_bYX7Gcu1FHAze_UUR2Xqsv99iLRGbpI7s1ZBV-SCTb2cG4lzW5P6lbaNtWo_XGk-LXxyktt7QHPyjOlfOBPI5QYukPuLfjwhrpqgG1up5STGhKOr_NhY-WA/s1600/trafficlsb+(1).gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_03Vsa0iI3mxILTVjxYD_bYX7Gcu1FHAze_UUR2Xqsv99iLRGbpI7s1ZBV-SCTb2cG4lzW5P6lbaNtWo_XGk-LXxyktt7QHPyjOlfOBPI5QYukPuLfjwhrpqgG1up5STGhKOr_NhY-WA/s320/trafficlsb+(1).gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :</div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-37501899827671467152012-11-27T08:49:00.002-08:002012-11-27T08:53:47.254-08:00Light-sensitive Alarm<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Light-sensitive Alarm Project</span><br />
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The circuit detects a sudden shadow falling on the light-sensor and sounds the bleeper when this happens.<br />
The circuit will not respond to gradual changes in brightness to avoid false alarms. The bleeper sounds for<br />
only a short time to prevent the battery running flat. Normal lighting can be used, but the circuit will work<br />
best if a beam of light is arranged to fall on the light-sensor. Breaking this beam will then cause the<br />
bleeper to sound. The light sensor is an LDR (light-dependant resistor), this has a low resistance in bright<br />
light and a high resistance in dim light.<br />
<span style="color: purple;">• The light-sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the 100k preset.</span><br />
<span style="color: purple;">• The length of bleep can be varied from 0.5 to 10 seconds using the 1M preset</span><span style="color: lime;">.</span><br />
Using the 7555 low-power timer ensures that the circuit draws very little current (about 0.5mA) except<br />
for the short times when the bleeper is sounding (this uses about 7mA). If the circuit is switched on<br />
continuously an alkaline PP3 9V battery should last about a month, but for longer life (about 6 months)<br />
you can use a pack of 6 AA alkaline batteries.<br />
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<b>Parts Required</b><br />
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• resistors: 10k, 47k, 1M ×3 • 7555 low-power timer IC<br />
• presets: 100k, 1M • 8-pin DIL socket for IC<br />
• capacitors: 0.01µF, 0.1µF, 10µF 25V radial • bleeper 9-12V<br />
• transistor: BC108 (or equivalent) • on/off switch<br />
• LDR (light-dependant resistor) type ORP12 • battery clip for 9V PP3<br />
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<b>Stripboard Layout</b><br />
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Circuit diagram</h3>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-22573637510115202882012-11-27T08:29:00.004-08:002012-11-27T08:29:40.165-08:00Dummy Alarm Project<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Dummy Alarm Project</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Parts Required</span><br />
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<ul style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">
<li>resistors: 1k, 10k, 680k</li>
<li>capacitor: 10µF radial</li>
<li>LED: red super bright, 5mm diameter</li>
<li>7555 low power timer IC</li>
<li>8-pin DIL socket for IC</li>
<li>battery clip</li>
<li>4.5V battery box for 3 AA cells</li>
<li>strip board: 8 rows × 16 holes</li>
</ul>
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<br />
This Dummy Alarm project makes an LED flash briefly once every 5 seconds to imitate the indicator light of a real alarm. The circuit is designed to use very little current to prolong battery life so that it can be left on permanently. An on/off switch is not included, but could be added if you wish.<br />
<br />
The 7555 timer IC used is a low power version of the standard 555 timer. A 'superbright' red LED is used because this provides a bright flash with a low current. The LED is off for most of the time so the average total current for the circuit is less than 0.2mA. With this very low current a set of 3 alkaline AA cells should last for several months, maybe as long as a year.<br />
<br />
The circuit will work with a standard 555 timer IC (such as the popular NE555) but this will increase the average current to about 2mA and the battery life will be much shorter. You can use a greater supply voltage (15V maximum) for this circuit but the 1k resistor for the LED should be increased to keep the LED current low at about 3mA. For example to use a 9V PP3 battery change the 1k resistor to 3k3. Note that AA cells will last longer than a 9V PP3 battery.<br />
<br />
This project uses a 555 a stable circuit.<br />
</div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-20540981899307938012012-11-27T08:18:00.001-08:002012-11-27T08:20:45.409-08:00Lie detector (Portable)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> A Portable lie-detector</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">This is a portable lie-detector built in a tin box . maybe you could have some fun using this thing.</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Note : this detector is less sensitive then a real one. this could be miss some (many) </span><span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">of the lies.</span></h2>
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Things you'll need.</h2>
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<div class="instructions" style="font-weight: normal;">
You will need some things below for this project.<br />
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1. circuit board<br />
2. 10K resister<br />
3. 47K resister<br />
4. 470 resister<br />
5. 1M resister x2<br />
6. 47K VR<br />
7. knob for VR<br />
8. 2N3904 transistor x3<br />
9. 0.1 ? mylar cap<br />
10. slide switch.<br />
11. 9V bettery snap<br />
12. LED (one red, one green)<br />
13. solding tools.<br />
14. drill<br />
15. basic tools,<br />
16. velcro (magic strip)<br />
17. aluminum foil<br />
....and most of all, a tin box </div>
<div class="instructions" style="font-weight: normal;">
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<span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: left;">Make a finger pad</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: left;">make a finger pads by sticking a aluminum foil to the velcro (strip)</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: left;">And don' forget to stick a wire between the velcro and the foil!</span></div>
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Soldering the circuit</h2>
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<div class="summary">
Solder the circuit as a diagram below. And before soldering the circuit, cut the circuit board to<br />
<br />
suitable size to fit in the tin</div>
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Drilling the Tin case</h2>
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<div class="summary">
Drill the tin for a VR.<br />
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and DO NOT use a sharp-end drill bit. it will tear the tin into half</div>
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Put the floor sheet</h2>
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<div class="summary">
Put the floor sheet in a floor of the tin to avoid it from 'short circuiting'.<br />
<br />
and secure it with a glue.<br />
<br />
in my case, I used a piece of box, and secure with a hot melt</div>
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Put everything in order</h2>
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<div class="summary">
Put everything in the tin and secure all of them with a glue, hot melt, etc </div>
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Done</h2>
<div class="txt step-body" style="line-height: 1.3em; padding-left: 25px;">
<div class="summary">
Now your lie detector is ready to go. first, put the finger pad to the finger of the 'suspect'<br />
then, slowly, turn the VR until the 'true' LED is light, and the 'false' LED is dark.<br />
then, ask a question to the suspect , when the false LED gets lighted, the suspect is lying<br />
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THANKS A LOT :)</div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-66819998908223312822012-11-25T10:35:00.001-08:002012-11-25T10:36:23.315-08:00Human detecting ROBOT for Earth quake rescue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Human detecting Robot, PROJECT</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Human
detecting ROBOT for Earth quake rescue operation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Details
description <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>1.1 INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>The advent of new
high-speed technology and the growing computer capacity provided realistic
opportunity for new robot controls and realization of new methods of control
theory.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> This technical improvement together with the
need for high performance robots created faster, more accurate and more
intelligent robots using new robots control devices,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> new drives and advanced control algorithms.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>This Project deals
with live personal detection, robot is based on 8 bit Microcontroller. This
Robot follows which is drawn over the surface.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> Here we are using PIR sensor for detecting the
human. The project is mainly used in the DEBRIS for Earth quake rescue.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Internally it
consists of IR sensors. The infrared sensors are used to sense the live
persons. All the above systems are controlled by the Microcontroller. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>In our project we are
using the popular 8 bit microcontroller.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>The Microcontroller
is used to control the motors. It gets the signals from the PIR sensors and it
drives the motors according to the sensor inputs.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> Two DC Gare motors are used to drive the
robot.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HARDWARE
REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">1. POWER SUPPLY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">2. MICRO CONTRODLLER (AT89S52)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">3. DC GARE MOTOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">4. RELAYS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">5.PIR SENSOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SIMULATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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TOOL: KEIL MICROVISION</div>
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LANGUAGE: EMBEDDED “C “LANGUAGE</div>
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1.2BLOCK DIAGRAM :</div>
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1.3 Flow chart and Algorithm</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ALGORITHM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 1:
Start<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 2:
Initialize micro controller<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 3:
Initialize motors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 4:
Initialize PIR sensor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 5:
Monitor PIR sensor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 6: If
person detected<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Buzzer on<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">motor
rotates in specified direction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 7:
Monitor PIR sensor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Step 8:
Stop<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DESCRIPTION
OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.1 AT89S52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.1.1 A
BRIEF HISTORY OF 8051<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In 1981,
Intel corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051. this
microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of chip ROM,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> two timers, one serial port, and four ports
all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred as “ A SYSTEM ON A CHIP”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The 8051 is
an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8 bits data at a time.
Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pieces to be processed by
the CPU.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The 8051 has a total of four I\O ports each 8
bit wide.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There are
many versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of on-chip ROM and they
are all compatible with the original 8051.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> this means that if you write a program for one
it will run on any of them.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The 8051 is
an original member of the 8051 family. There are two other<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">members in
the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are 8052 and 8031. All the three<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">microcontrollers
will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in the following<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">aspects.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 8031 has
128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 8051 has
4K ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 8052 has
8K ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, three timers and 8 interrupts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Of the
three microcontrollers, 8051 is the most preferable. Microcontroller supports
both serial and parallel communication.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In the
concerned project 8052 microcontroller is used. Here microcontroller used is
AT89S52, which is manufactured by ATMEL laboratories.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NECESSITY
OF MICROCONTROLLERS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Microprocessors
brought the concept of programmable devices and made many applications of
intelligent equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Most applications, which do not need large
amount of data and program memory, tended to be costly.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
microprocessor system had to satisfy the data and program requirements so,
sufficient RAM and ROM are used to satisfy most applications <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.The
peripheral control equipment also had to be satisfied. Therefore, almost
all-peripheral chips were used in the design.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Because of these additional peripherals cost
will be comparatively high.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">An example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8085 chip
needs:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">An Address
latch for separating address from multiplex address and data.32-KB RAM and
32-KB ROM to be able to satisfy most applications. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As also
Timer / Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial port, and Interrupt
controller are needed for its efficient applications.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In
comparison a typical Micro controller 8051 chip has all that the 8051 board has
except a reduced memory as follows.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4K bytes of
ROM as compared to 32-KB, 128 Bytes of RAM as compared to 32-KB.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bulky:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">On
comparing a board full of chips (Microprocessors) with one chip with all
components in it (Microcontroller).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Debugging:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lots of
Microprocessor circuitry and program to debug. In Micro controller there is no
Microprocessor circuitry to debug.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Slower
Development time: As we have observed Microprocessors need a lot of debugging
at board level and at program level, where as, Micro controller do not have<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> the excessive circuitry and the built-in
peripheral chips are easier to program for operation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">So
peripheral devices like Timer/Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial
Communication Port, Interrupt controller and so on,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> which were most often used were integrated
with the Microprocessor to present the Micro controller .RAM and ROM also were
integrated in the same chip.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The ROM size was anything from 256 bytes to
32Kb or more. RAM was optimized to minimum of 64 bytes to 256 bytes or more.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Microprocessor has following instructions to
perform:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Reading
instructions or data from program memory ROM.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.
Interpreting the instruction and executing it.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.
Microprocessor Program is a collection of instructions stored in a Nonvolatile
memory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Read
Data from I/O device<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. Process
the input read, as per the instructions read in program memory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6. Read or
write data to Data memory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7. Write
data to I/O device and output the result of processing to O/P device.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.1.2
Introduction to AT89S52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The system
requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or
64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Systems using these may be earlier to
implement due to large number of internal features.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> They are also faster and more reliable but,
the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller
will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Coming to
the question of why to use 89S52 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller available in
the market the main answer would be because <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">it has 8kB
Flash and 256 bytes of data RAM32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
Eight-vector two-level interrupt architecture, <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In
addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Power
Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next hardware reset.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The Flash program memory supports both
parallel programming and in Serial In-System Programming (ISP).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The 89S52 is also In-Application Programmable
(IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the
application is running.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">cost effective
solution to many embedded control applications.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.1.3 FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Compatible
with MCS-51® Products<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 8K Bytes
of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">–
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 4.0V to
5.5V Operating Range<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Fully
Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">•
Three-level Program Memory Lock<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 256 x
8-bit Internal RAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 32
Programmable I/O Lines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Three
16-bit Timer/Counters<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Eight
Interrupt Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Full
Duplex UART Serial Channel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Low-power
Idle and Power-down Modes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Interrupt
Recovery from Power-down Mode<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Watchdog
Timer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dual Data
Pointer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-Power-off
Flag<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;">(Via a blog... If there are any
mistakes, admin would not be responsible for that.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-64349614300842894422012-11-24T03:00:00.000-08:002012-11-24T03:01:40.103-08:00Selection Sort Code for C++<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: green; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Selection Sort </span><span style="color: green; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></h2>
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<span style="color: green; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> </span></div>
<h3>
<span style="color: green; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 36px;"> c++ code for selection sort</span></h3>
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<span style="color: green; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">//
selection sort.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: green; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">//</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">#include</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: #a31515;">"stdafx.h"</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">#include</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: #a31515;"><conio.h></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">#include</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: #a31515;"><iostream></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">#include</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: #a31515;"><math.h></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">using</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">namespace</span> std ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">int</span><span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">
_tmain(<span style="color: blue;">int</span> argc, _TCHAR* argv[])<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">int</span> fin
[11]={6,3,7,1,69,0,23,11,45,5,71 },a,c,m ; <span style="color: green;">//
defining array and variables</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">for</span>
(a=0;a<10;a++) <span style="color: green;">// using for loop</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> { c= fin[a];<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">int</span> d=a;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">for</span>
(m=a;m<=10;m++) <span style="color: green;">// nested for loop</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> { <span style="color: blue;">if</span>
(c>fin[m]) <span style="color: green;">// if condition</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> {c=fin[m];d=m;}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">int</span>
r=fin[d];<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> fin[d]=fin[a];<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> fin[a]=r;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> cout<<<span style="color: #a31515;">"SORTED
ARRAY IN ASCENDING ORDER"</span><<endl;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">for</span>(<span style="color: blue;">int</span> w=0;w<11;w++) <span style="color: green;">//
loop for sorted array output</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> cout<<fin[w]<<endl;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> getch();<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <span style="color: blue;">return</span> 0;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00108765851045335013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8332696345875982570.post-92014196778297611962012-11-24T02:36:00.000-08:002012-11-24T02:36:51.928-08:00Electronic Project Circuit Pictures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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